{"id":769,"date":"2021-04-12T11:16:10","date_gmt":"2021-04-12T11:16:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.sourcecode.sk\/wsczkb\/?post_type=ht_kb&p=769"},"modified":"2021-06-24T10:56:54","modified_gmt":"2021-06-24T08:56:54","slug":"archivace-a-komprese-souboru-v-linuxu","status":"publish","type":"ht_kb","link":"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/podpora\/kb\/archivace-a-komprese-souboru-v-linuxu\/","title":{"rendered":"Archivace a komprese soubor\u016f v Linuxu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Des\u00edtky let jsou tu s n\u00e1mi po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce \u00fadaj\u016f. Ze za\u010d\u00e1tku \u0161lo o relativn\u011b mal\u00fd po\u010det soubor\u016f s relativn\u011b malou velikost\u00ed. Na p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f tehdy sta\u010dilo \u00fadaje pouze kompaktn\u011bji se\u0159adit do archivu. \u010casto se tak soubory p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ely na p\u00e1skov\u00fdch kazet\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se v modern\u011bj\u0161\u00edm proveden\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dodnes. Z pohledu softwaru se na takov\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f pou\u017e\u00edval a st\u00e1le se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 popul\u00e1rn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj TAR<\/strong> (T<\/strong>ape AR<\/strong>chive), kter\u00fd z mno\u017estv\u00ed soubor\u016f a slo\u017eek dok\u00e1\u017ee vytvo\u0159it jeden soubor s koncovkou .tar<\/strong> (archiv).<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Jak ale mno\u017estv\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f p\u0159ib\u00fdvalo, bylo pot\u0159eba \u00fadaje nejen se\u0159adit do archivu, ale tak\u00e9 je je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce zmen\u0161it (stla\u010dit, sbalit, komprimovat), aby se jich na jednu p\u00e1skovou kazetu ve\u0161lo v\u00edc. Proto vznikly n\u00e1stroje jako gzip<\/strong>, bzip2<\/strong>, xz<\/strong>, lzip<\/strong>, lzma<\/strong>, zstd<\/strong> nebo compress<\/strong>. Tyto n\u00e1stroje dok\u00e1\u017eou archiv vytvo\u0159en\u00fd pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje TAR komprimovat tak, \u017ee v\u00fdsledn\u00fd soubor m\u00e1 men\u0161\u00ed velikost. Nap\u0159\u00edklad arch\u00edv ulo\u017een\u00fd v souboru archiv.tar<\/strong> s velikost\u00ed 1 GB bude m\u00edt po kompresi n\u00e1zev souboru archiv.tar.gz<\/strong> (pou\u017eili jsme n\u00e1stroj gzip) a men\u0161\u00ed velikost 0,5 GB. Komprimov\u00e1n\u00edm pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje gzip jsme tedy v tomto p\u0159\u00edkladu u\u0161et\u0159ili a\u017e polovinu m\u00edsta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Archivujeme pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje GNU TAR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dnes se nam\u00edsto p\u00e1skov\u00fdch kazet b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jin\u00e9 offline \u010di online \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, ale principy archivace a komprese plat\u00ed dodnes. Uk\u00e1\u017eeme si, jak v Ubuntu 20.04 pou\u017eijeme archiva\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj GNU TAR ve verzi 1.30, kter\u00fd je p\u0159edinstalovan\u00fd na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b linuxov\u00fdch distribuc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b je pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010dit aktu\u00e1lnost v\u0161ech bal\u00edk\u016f. Nainstalujeme tedy v\u0161echen updatovan\u00fd software pomoc\u00ed dvou p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f v jedn\u00e9 d\u00e1vce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Kdy\u017e syst\u00e9m najde aktualizovateln\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky, takto se opt\u00e1, jestli je chcete za\u010d\u00edt instalovat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do you want to continue? [Y\/n]<\/em><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Stla\u010d\u00edme kl\u00e1vesu y<\/code> kdy\u017e chceme za\u010d\u00edt aktualiza\u010dn\u00ed proces nebo kl\u00e1vesu n<\/code>, kdy\u017e aktualizovat nechceme. N\u00e1sledn\u011b stla\u010d\u00edme kl\u00e1vesu Enter<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V domovsk\u00e9 slo\u017ece vytvo\u0159\u00edme strukturu slo\u017eek a do nich st\u00e1hneme soubory, kter\u00e9 budeme archivovat a komprimovat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mkdir -p ~\/archiv\/video ~\/archiv\/audio ~\/archiv\/obrazky ~\/archiv\/ostatni<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
curl -o ~\/archiv\/video\/video.mp4 https:\/\/file-examples-com.github.io\/uploads\/2017\/04\/file_example_MP4_1920_18MG.mp4<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
curl -o ~\/archiv\/audio\/audio.mp3 https:\/\/file-examples-com.github.io\/uploads\/2017\/11\/file_example_MP3_5MG.mp3<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
curl -o ~\/archiv\/obrazky\/obrazek.jpg https:\/\/file-examples-com.github.io\/uploads\/2017\/10\/file_example_JPG_2500kB.jpg<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
curl -o ~\/archiv\/obrazky\/obrazek.png https:\/\/file-examples-com.github.io\/uploads\/2017\/10\/file_example_PNG_3MB.png<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
curl -o ~\/archiv\/obrazky\/obrazek.svg https:\/\/file-examples-com.github.io\/uploads\/2020\/03\/file_example_SVG_30kB.svg<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
curl -o ~\/archiv\/ostatni\/dokument.docx https:\/\/file-examples-com.github.io\/uploads\/2017\/02\/file-sample_1MB.docx<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
curl -o ~\/archiv\/ostatni\/tabulka.xlsx https:\/\/file-examples-com.github.io\/uploads\/2017\/02\/file_example_XLSX_5000.xlsx<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
curl -o ~\/archiv\/ostatni\/prezentace.pptx https:\/\/file-examples-com.github.io\/uploads\/2017\/08\/file_example_PPT_1MB.ppt<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Te\u010f ulo\u017e\u00edme celou strukturu slo\u017eek spolu se soubory ze slo\u017eky archiv<\/code> pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje GNU TAR do archivu (souboru) s n\u00e1zvem archiv.tar (prvn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek) a ov\u011b\u0159\u00edme, jestli soubor archiv.tar<\/code> obsahuje doopravdy v\u0161echny slo\u017eky a soubory v nich (druh\u00fd \u0159\u00e1dek). Nakonec je\u0161t\u011b nech\u00e1me vypsat velikost souboru archiv.tar<\/code> (\u010dtvrt\u00fd \u0159\u00e1dek), abychom ji mohli porovnat s velikost\u00ed slo\u017eky archiv<\/code> (t\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tar cf ~\/archiv.tar ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
tar tf ~\/archiv.tar<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
du -s ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
du -s ~\/archiv.tar<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Po porovnan\u00ed velikosti slo\u017eky archiv<\/code> a souboru archiv.tar<\/code> jsme zjistili, \u017ee jsme po archivaci u\u0161et\u0159ili zanedbateln\u011b m\u00e1lo m\u00edsta. V\u00fdhoda v\u0161ak je, \u017ee m\u00e1me celou strukturu slo\u017eek se soubory v jednom souboru (archiv.tar<\/code>) a m\u016f\u017eeme ho tak jednodu\u0161eji kop\u00edrovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vytvo\u0159ili jsme archiv, porovnali jsme jeho velikost se soubory ve slo\u017ece, a te\u010f vytvo\u0159en\u00fd archiv rozbal\u00edme do slo\u017eky archiv-tar<\/code> (prvn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek). Ov\u011b\u0159\u00edme, jestli po rozbalen\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1me stejnou strukturu slo\u017eek se soubory (druh\u00fd a t\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tar xf ~\/archiv.tar --one-top-level=archiv-tar<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
du ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
du ~\/archiv-tar<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Po rozbalen\u00ed arch\u00edvu do slo\u017eky archiv<\/code> jsme zjistili, \u017ee slo\u017eky archiv<\/code> a archiv-tar<\/code> jsou stejn\u00e9 strukturou slo\u017eek se soubory, a tak\u00e9 jsou identick\u00e9 velikost\u00ed. Cel\u00fd archiva\u010dn\u00ed proces (vytvo\u0159en\u00ed, zobrazen\u00ed obsahu a rozbalen\u00ed) tedy prob\u011bhl spr\u00e1vn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Komprimujeme pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje GNU TAR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
U\u017e jsme zm\u00ednili, \u017ee v\u00fdhoda archivu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed manipulaci p\u0159i p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f. K t\u00e9to v\u00fdhod\u011b v\u0161ak pomoc\u00ed komprimace m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159idat i dal\u0161\u00ed dv\u011b v\u00fdhody: zmen\u0161en\u00ed archivu (\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho m\u00edsta), co\u017e vede k rychlej\u0161\u00edmu p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f. Vytvo\u0159en\u00fd archiv.tar m\u016f\u017eeme komprimovat (zmen\u0161it, stla\u010dit, sbalit, spakovat) r\u016fzn\u00fdmi metodami. Nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou gzip<\/strong>, bzip2<\/strong> a xz<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vytvo\u0159\u00edme archiv, kter\u00fd zkomprimujeme metodou gzip (prvn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek), potom metodou bzip2 (druh\u00fd \u0159\u00e1dek) a nakonec metodou xz (t\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tar cfz ~\/archiv.tar.gz ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
tar cfj ~\/archiv.tar.bz2 ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
tar cfJ ~\/archiv.tar.xz ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 komprimovan\u00e9 archivy si te\u010f porovn\u00e1me s nekomprimovan\u00fdm archivem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
du -s ~\/archiv.tar && du -s ~\/archiv.tar.bz2 && du -s ~\/archiv.tar.gz && du -s ~\/archiv.tar.xz<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
a zjist\u00edme, \u017ee nekomprimovan\u00fd arch\u00edv (archiv.tar<\/code>) m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikost. Komprima\u010dn\u00ed metody arch\u00edv zmen\u0161ily, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejm\u00e9n\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 byla metoda bzip2 (archiv.tar.bz2), l\u00e9pe to zvl\u00e1dla metoda gzip (archiv.tar.gz<\/code>) a komprima\u010dn\u00edm v\u00edt\u011bzem se stala metoda xz (archiv.tar.xz<\/code>). Krom\u011b u\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9 velikosti je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t do \u00favahy i \u010das pot\u0159ebn\u00fd na komprimaci. Zpravidla v\u00edce u\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9ho m\u00edsta znamen\u00e1 i v\u00edce \u010dasu, kter\u00fd je pot\u0159ebn\u00fd na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed komprimovan\u00e9ho arch\u00edvu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V praxi se m\u016f\u017ee archiv.tar.gz<\/code> zkr\u00e1tit na archiv.taz<\/code> nebo archiv.tgz<\/code>. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b archiv.tar.bz2<\/code> u\u0161et\u0159\u00edme znaky kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi formami archiv.tb2<\/code>, archiv.tbz<\/code>, archiv.tbz2<\/code> nebo archiv.tz2<\/code>. No a archiv.tar.xz<\/code> zase zjednodu\u0161\u00edme na archiv.txz<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tak jako u nekomprimovan\u00e9ho arch\u00edvu, i u komprimovan\u00fdch archiv\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e9 vypsat obsah archivu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tar tfz ~\/archiv.tar.gz<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
tar tfj ~\/archiv.tar.bz2<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
tar tfJ ~\/archiv.tar.xz<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Stejn\u011b tak je mo\u017en\u00e9 obsah komprimovan\u00e9ho arch\u00edvu rozbalit. Oproti nekomprimovan\u00e9mu arch\u00edvu se v\u0161ak komprimovan\u00fd arch\u00edv m\u016f\u017ee rozbalovat v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b pomaleji:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tar xf ~\/archiv.tar.gz --one-top-level=archiv-gzip<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
tar xf ~\/archiv.tar.bz2 --one-top-level=archiv-bzip2<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
tar xf ~\/archiv.tar.xz --one-top-level=archiv-xz<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Komprimujeme pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f ZIP, RAR a 7-Zip<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd komprima\u010dn\u00ed form\u00e1t je ZIP<\/strong> a ve st\u00ednu jeho \u00fasp\u011bchu existuj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e pom\u011brn\u011b obl\u00edben\u00e9 RAR<\/strong> a 7z<\/strong>. Tyto 3 form\u00e1ty vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme, prohl\u00ed\u017e\u00edme a rozbalujeme pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u011b nejsou p\u0159edinstalovan\u00e9. Abychom je tedy mohli za\u010d\u00edt pou\u017e\u00edvat, mus\u00edme je nejd\u0159\u00edv nainstalovat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo apt install zip rar p7zip-full<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Takto se syst\u00e9m opt\u00e1, jestli vybran\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky chcete za\u010d\u00edt instalovat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do you want to continue? [Y\/n]<\/em><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Stla\u010d\u00edme kl\u00e1vesu y<\/code> kdy\u017e chceme za\u010d\u00edt aktualiza\u010dn\u00ed proces nebo kl\u00e1vesu n<\/code>, pokud aktualizovat nechceme. N\u00e1sledn\u011b stla\u010d\u00edme kl\u00e1vesu Enter<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zkomprimujeme slo\u017eku archiv do form\u00e1t\u016f ZIP, RAR a 7z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
zip -r ~\/archiv.zip ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
rar a ~\/archiv.rar ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
7z a ~\/archiv.7z ~\/archiv<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Zobraz\u00edme obsah komprimovan\u00fdch archiv\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
unzip -l ~\/archiv.zip<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
rar l ~\/archiv.rar<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
7z l ~\/archiv.7z<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Zjistili jsme, \u017ee cel\u00e1 struktura slo\u017eek spolu se soubory jsou v archivech p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9, a tak je\u0161t\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme porovnat, kter\u00fd komprima\u010dn\u00ed form\u00e1t u\u0161et\u0159\u00ed v\u00edce m\u00edsta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
du -s ~\/archiv.7z && du -s ~\/archiv.rar && du -s ~\/archiv.zip<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Vyhr\u00e1l form\u00e1t 7z, n\u00e1sledovan\u00fd form\u00e1tem RAR a v t\u011bsn\u00e9m z\u00e1v\u011bsu se dr\u017e\u00ed ZIP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
No a takto komprimovan\u00e9 arch\u00edvy je\u0161t\u011b rozbal\u00edme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
unzip ~\/archiv.zip -d ~\/archiv-zip<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
rar x ~\/archiv.rar ~\/archiv-rar\/<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
7z x ~\/archiv.7z -oarchiv-7z<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Shrnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Uk\u00e1zali jsme, jak v Linuxu sbalit strukturu slo\u017eek spolu se soubory do jednoho archivu pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje GNU TAR ve verzi 1.30. T\u00e9\u017e jsme archiv komprimovali \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi metodami gzip, bzip2 a xz. Do seznamu komprima\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f jsme za\u0159adili i n\u00e1stroje ZIP, RAR a 7Zip.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Des\u00edtky let jsou tu s n\u00e1mi po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce \u00fadaj\u016f. Ze za\u010d\u00e1tku \u0161lo o relativn\u011b mal\u00fd po\u010det soubor\u016f s relativn\u011b malou velikost\u00ed. Na p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f tehdy sta\u010dilo \u00fadaje pouze kompaktn\u011bji se\u0159adit do archivu. \u010casto se tak soubory p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ely na p\u00e1skov\u00fdch kazet\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se v modern\u011bj\u0161\u00edm proveden\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dodnes….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"ht-kb-category":[72],"ht-kb-tag":[],"class_list":["post-769","ht_kb","type-ht_kb","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","ht_kb_category-servery"],"yoast_head":"\nArchivace a komprese soubor\u016f v Linuxu - Websupport Centrum n\u00e1pov\u011bdy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/podpora\/kb\/archivace-a-komprese-souboru-v-linuxu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Archivace a komprese soubor\u016f v Linuxu - Websupport Centrum n\u00e1pov\u011bdy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Des\u00edtky let jsou tu s n\u00e1mi po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce \u00fadaj\u016f. Ze za\u010d\u00e1tku \u0161lo o relativn\u011b mal\u00fd po\u010det soubor\u016f s relativn\u011b malou velikost\u00ed. 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