{"id":2731,"date":"2013-12-03T15:14:21","date_gmt":"2013-12-03T14:14:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.websupport.cz\/?p=2731"},"modified":"2025-03-11T21:18:18","modified_gmt":"2025-03-11T20:18:18","slug":"efektivne-na-mysql-cast-prvni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/2013\/12\/efektivne-na-mysql-cast-prvni\/","title":{"rendered":"Efektivn\u011b na MySQL, \u010d\u00e1st prvn\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

V admin odd\u011blen\u00ed se \u010dasto setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my na\u0161ich z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou ne v\u017edy chybou na stran\u011b samotn\u00e9ho serveru nebo hostingu jako takov\u00e9ho. Proto jsme se rozhodli za\u010d\u00edt ps\u00e1t seri\u00e1l o r\u016fzn\u00fdch tipech, kter\u00e9 by v\u00e1m m\u011bly pomoci pochopit a odstranit n\u011bkter\u00e9 probl\u00e9my se str\u00e1nkami. V t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti se hlavn\u011b za\u010dneme v\u011bnovat MySQL datab\u00e1z\u00edm.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Jednou z \u010dast\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek, kterou dost\u00e1v\u00e1me od klient\u016f, je nap\u0159.: „Pro\u010d je rychlost na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed str\u00e1nky najednou ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e po jej\u00edm spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed?“. Nebo: „P\u0159i porovn\u00e1n\u00ed rychlosti s t\u00edm, jak mi to b\u011b\u017e\u00ed na lok\u00e1ln\u00edm PC, je na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed na serveru mnohem pomalej\u0161\u00ed, pro\u010d?“. Existuje \u0159ada p\u0159\u00ed\u010din pomalej\u0161\u00edho chodu str\u00e1nek. Jednou z nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch je pr\u00e1v\u011b to, \u017ee dotazy na datab\u00e1zi, kter\u00e9 p\u0159i men\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtu n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f a men\u0161\u00edm rozsahu datab\u00e1ze nebyly takov\u00e9 kritick\u00e9, najednou zab\u00edraj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce \u010dasu.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, kterou mus\u00edme ud\u011blat, je proj\u00edt si, jak\u00e9 dotazy n\u00e1m mohou zp\u016fsobovat probl\u00e9my. Pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch dotaz\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159\u00edkaz SHOW processlist;<\/strong><\/em> p\u0159\u00edmo v PhpMyAdminu. Pomoc\u00ed tohoto p\u0159\u00edkazu m\u016f\u017eeme mimo jin\u00e9 vid\u011bt, jak dlouho u\u017e dotaz b\u011b\u017e\u00ed, jeho identifika\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo a moment\u00e1ln\u00ed stav. V r\u00e1mci hosting\u016f WebSupportu<\/a> vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me mo\u017enost zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed MySQL dotaz\u016f trvaj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouho do slow query logu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017eete naj\u00edt ve WebAdminu v sekci Datab\u00e1ze. Pokud tedy hled\u00e1te p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu zpomalen\u00ed str\u00e1nek a podez\u0159\u00edv\u00e1te datab\u00e1zi, na toto m\u00edsto byste se v\u017edy m\u011bli pod\u00edvat \u00fapln\u011b nejd\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e m\u00e1me podchycen dotaz, kter\u00fd se prov\u00e1d\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed dobu, um\u00edme naj\u00edt i detaily toho, co d\u011bl\u00e1. Posta\u010d\u00ed ulo\u017eit si \u010d\u00edslo dotazu (pokud prob\u00edh\u00e1) nebo jeho syntaxi a n\u00e1sledn\u011b MySQL zaslat dotaz EXPLAIN (EXPLAIN \u010d\u00edslo_procesu;<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0nebo EXPLAIN syntax_pomal\u00e9ho_query;<\/strong><\/em>). N\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme rychle zjistit, jak\u00fd objem dat (mno\u017estv\u00ed zpracovan\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f) a pou\u017eit\u00e9 indexy se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Zda je nutn\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it temporary tabulky na disku, proto\u017ee se meziv\u00fdsledek nevejde do pam\u011bti a tak\u00e9 typy prom\u011bnn\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 porovn\u00e1v\u00e1me.<\/p>\n

Indexov\u00e1n\u00ed tabulek<\/h4>\n

Jednou ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak optimalizovat datab\u00e1zi, jsou pr\u00e1v\u011b indexy. \u010casto se data v r\u00e1mci sloupce daj\u00ed zapsat mnohem efektivn\u011bji z pohledu vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed – jednotliv\u00e1 pole m\u016f\u017eeme upravit do podoby hash nebo bin\u00e1rn\u00edho stromu a n\u00e1sledn\u011b se\u0159adit – jako do kartot\u00e9ky. Kdy\u017e MySQL n\u00e1sledn\u011b nap\u0159. vyb\u00edr\u00e1 podle krit\u00e9ri\u00ed z tabulky, nemus\u00ed proch\u00e1zet cel\u00fd obsah datab\u00e1ze. Nej\u010dast\u011bji to u\u017eivatel datab\u00e1ze m\u016f\u017ee poc\u00edtit, kdy\u017e jeho query jde nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d n\u011bkolika tabulkami (JOIN) a hled\u00e1n\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00edch z\u00e1znam\u016f (DISTINCT).<\/p>\n

Pokud chceme spojit data ze dvou tabulek, je to co se t\u00fd\u010de rozsahu (a tedy i objemu) zpracovan\u00fdch dat trochu o\u0161emetn\u00e1 situace, pokud bychom cht\u011bli hledat hrubou silou. N\u00e1ro\u010dnost jak\u00e9hokoli JOIN toti\u017e stoup\u00e1 s po\u010dtem \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f a v nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b roste a\u017e exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b. (Piko\u0161ka: \u017ee to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt a\u017e tak \u0161patn\u00e9, jsem za\u017eil, kdy\u017e jsem u datab\u00e1ze jist\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra vid\u011bl, jak dotaz prohled\u00e1val n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek bilion\u016f pol\u00ed. Bilion\u016f!).<\/p>\n

Na to, abychom mohli vyb\u00edrat nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d v\u00edce poli, pot\u0159ebujeme toti\u017e nejprve z\u00edskat takovou tabulku, kde jsou ke ka\u017ed\u00e9 vybran\u00e9 kombinaci sloupc\u016f z prvn\u00ed tabulky p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9 podle mo\u017enosti relevantn\u00ed sloupce z druh\u00e9 tabulky, abychom pak mohli v\u016fbec srovn\u00e1vat, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dky spl\u0148uj\u00ed podm\u00ednky ve WHERE.<\/p>\n

Pokud tedy vid\u00edme, \u017ee je v dotazu direktiva JOIN (nebo i LEFT JOIN a OUTER JOIN) a vid\u00edme, \u017ee se nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 index, pod\u00edv\u00e1me se, jak\u00e9 sloupce jsou v jednotliv\u00fdch tabulk\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 a pro ty n\u00e1sledn\u011b vytvo\u0159\u00edme index. Nap\u0159\u00edklad na tabulce TABLE sloupc\u016fm TABLE.id , TABLE.sloupce , TABLE.kter\u00e9 , a TABLE.indexovat:<\/p>\n

CREATE INDEX id_join on TABLE (sloupce, kter\u00e9, indexovat); <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tot\u00e9\u017e provedeme i p\u0159i druh\u00e9 tabulce. Indexov\u00e1n\u00ed tabulek je jen jedno z v\u00edce \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, jak zrychlit na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed dat z datab\u00e1z\u00ed a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b tak\u00e9 zrychlit odezvu va\u0161ich str\u00e1nek. K dal\u0161\u00edm obvykl\u00fdm pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edm, jako je nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed subquery, nevhodn\u00e9 PHP nastaven\u00ed, optimalizaci spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch skript\u016f atd. se budeme v\u011bnovat v dal\u0161\u00edch blogpostoch. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee v\u00e1m tento \u010dl\u00e1nek alespo\u0148 trochu objasnil, jak funguje indexov\u00e1n\u00ed v datab\u00e1z\u00edch a pro\u010d je jeho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vhodn\u00e9. Nev\u00e1hejte se pod\u011blit s va\u0161imi tipy v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Pokud byste m\u011bli o toto t\u00e9ma hlub\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1jem, rozhodn\u011b m\u016f\u017eu doporu\u010dit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed odkazy:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/osscube\/indexing-the-mysql-index-key-to-performance-tuning<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.cs.duke.edu\/csl\/docs\/mysql-refman\/optimization.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V admin odd\u011blen\u00ed se \u010dasto setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my na\u0161ich z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou ne v\u017edy chybou na stran\u011b samotn\u00e9ho serveru nebo hostingu jako takov\u00e9ho. Proto jsme se rozhodli za\u010d\u00edt ps\u00e1t seri\u00e1l o r\u016fzn\u00fdch tipech, kter\u00e9 by v\u00e1m m\u011bly pomoci pochopit a odstranit n\u011bkter\u00e9 probl\u00e9my se str\u00e1nkami. V t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti se hlavn\u011b za\u010dneme v\u011bnovat MySQL datab\u00e1z\u00edm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":2737,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,52],"tags":[228,227,46,229],"class_list":["post-2731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technologie","category-tipy-a-triky","tag-db","tag-join","tag-mysql","tag-rychlost-stranek"],"yoast_head":"\nEfektivn\u011b na MySQL, \u010d\u00e1st prvn\u00ed - Websupport.cz Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/2013\/12\/efektivne-na-mysql-cast-prvni\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Efektivn\u011b na MySQL, \u010d\u00e1st prvn\u00ed - Websupport.cz Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V admin odd\u011blen\u00ed se \u010dasto setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my na\u0161ich z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou ne v\u017edy chybou na stran\u011b samotn\u00e9ho serveru nebo hostingu jako takov\u00e9ho. 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