{"id":1843,"date":"2011-09-20T14:31:04","date_gmt":"2011-09-20T12:31:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/?p=1843"},"modified":"2025-03-11T21:18:15","modified_gmt":"2025-03-11T20:18:15","slug":"historia-a-sucasnost-architektury-sluzby-vps-storage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/2011\/09\/historia-a-sucasnost-architektury-sluzby-vps-storage\/","title":{"rendered":"Historie a sou\u010dasnost architektury slu\u017eby VPS &#8211; storage"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pron\u00e1jem virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f (VPS) jsme za\u010dali nab\u00edzet p\u0159ed n\u011bco p\u0159ed t\u0159emi lety, proto\u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b se za\u010d\u00ednala cel\u00e1 oblast virtualizace objevovat i u n\u00e1s na Slovensku. Za\u010d\u00ednali jsme asi jako v\u011bt\u0161ina podobn\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed &#8211; na\u0161el se voln\u00fd server, nainstalovala prvn\u00ed vygooglena virtualiza\u010dn\u00ed technologie a slu\u017eba byla na sv\u011bt\u011b. Vybrali jsme si Xen, toho \u010dasu ve verzi 3.0 i proto, \u017ee se nach\u00e1zel ji\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo v reposit\u00e1\u0159\u00edch Debianu.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Za t\u0159i roky se slu\u017eba rozrostla na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159i stovky virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f na dvan\u00e1cti fyzick\u00fdch serverech. V \u0159\u00edjnu lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku jsme si v\u0161ak uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee technick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, jak jsme ho nastavili v za\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch, nem\u016f\u017ee pokra\u010dovat, proto\u017ee m\u00e1 mnoh\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery jsme m\u011bli ulo\u017een\u00e9 klasicky &#8211; na serveru v LVM odd\u00edlech. Je to nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed forma provozu virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f, ale n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na administraci. D\u016fvod\u016f je n\u011bkolik:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost<\/em>\u00a0&#8211; pokud\u00a0server\u00a0narazil na\u00a0sv\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9\u00a0mo\u017enosti\u00a0(po\u010det\u00a0CPU,\u00a0pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch slot\u016f,disk\u016f\u00a0&#8230;)\u00a0bylo nutn\u00e9\u00a0servery\u00a0p\u0159esunout.\u00a0To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee\u00a0bylo t\u0159eba\u00a0kontaktovat z\u00e1kazn\u00edka, dohodnout\u00a0v\u00fdpadek\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0obvykle\u00a0pozd\u011b v noci\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0a n\u00e1slednou\u00a0migraci\u00a0na jin\u00fd server.<\/li>\n<li><em>odolnost v\u016f\u010di\u00a0v\u00fdpadk\u016fm<\/em>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1.\u00a0Pokud m\u00e1\u00a0server,\u00a0na kter\u00e9m b\u011b\u017e\u00ed\u00a0virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery, v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9\u00a0hardwarov\u00e9\u00a0nebo softwarov\u00e9\u00a0probl\u00e9my,\u00a0t\u0159eba \u010dasto\u00a0vypnout v\u0161echny\u00a0slu\u017eby,\u00a0aby je bylo mo\u017en\u00e9\u00a0vy\u0159e\u0161it.\u00a0V\u0161echny\u00a0hostovan\u00e9\u00a0VPS\u00a0jsou\u00a0tehdy\u00a0mimo,\u00a0dokud nen\u00ed\u00a0probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161en.<\/li>\n<li><em>otravov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f kv\u016fli syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 \u00fadr\u017eb\u011b<\/em> &#8211; ka\u017ed\u00fd server je ob\u010das nutn\u00e9 restartovat nebo upgradovat.\u00a0To samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vy\u017eaduje poslat z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016fm e-mail a upozornit je na pl\u00e1novan\u00fd v\u00fdpadek.<\/li>\n<li><em>v\u00fdkon<\/em> &#8211; pokud byly na serveru probl\u00e9my s v\u00fdkonem (nap\u0159\u00edklad diskov\u00e9 IO), nebylo v\u017edy mo\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161it okam\u017eit\u011b, proto\u017ee p\u0159esun virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f by jen zhor\u0161il situaci.Probl\u00e9m se tedy \u0159e\u0161il ur\u010den\u00edm priority IO scheduler, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b v\u00fdm\u011bnou IO scheduler atd..<\/li>\n<li><em>nerovnom\u011brn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed zdroj\u016f serveru<\/em> &#8211; n\u011bkter\u00e9 servery m\u011bli je\u0161t\u011b dost RAM, ale \u017e\u00e1dnou diskovou kapacitu &#8211; nebo naopak &#8211; nem\u011bli RAM, ale dostatek diskov\u00e9ho prostoru.\u00a0Ob\u010das se to se \u0159e\u0161ilo ATA-over-Ethernet protokolem.\u00a0Pomoc\u00ed n\u011bj bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 disky exportovat a spustit na jin\u00e9m serveru.\u00a0\u010casem se to ale uk\u00e1zalo jako nevhodn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, proto\u017ee vznikaly \u0159et\u011bzce z\u00e1vislost\u00ed.\u00a0Pokud vypadl jeden server, byly nedostupn\u00e9 i ty virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery, kter\u00e9 b\u011b\u017eely jinde, ale disk m\u011bli zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bny p\u0159es s\u00ed\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p>Jak je vid\u011bt, \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho typu probl\u00e9mu vy\u017eadovalo minim\u00e1ln\u011b kontaktov\u00e1n\u00ed klienta a sjedn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasu migrace na jin\u00fd server.\u00a0To je z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska ne\u00fanosn\u00e9.\u00a0Nastal tedy \u010das na n\u011bco nov\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Koncept<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vr\u00e1tili jsme se\u00a0\u00fapln\u011b\u00a0na za\u010d\u00e1tek\u00a0a\u00a0zamysleli\u00a0jsme se,\u00a0co je v podstat\u011b\u00a0virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed server:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b dat\u00a0+\u00a0Xen\u00a0=\u00a0virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed server<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed server je tedy tvo\u0159en \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm dat (storage) a virtualiza\u010dn\u00ed technologi\u00ed (v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Xen). Abychom vy\u0159e\u0161ili zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, bylo nutn\u00e9 tyto dva komponenty rozd\u011blit na samostatnou infrastrukturu, aby mohly r\u016fst samostatn\u011b podle vlastn\u00edch pot\u0159eb. V\u00fdsledkem bude efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed server\u016f a lep\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enosti slu\u017eby.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">Na odd\u011blen\u00ed jsme pou\u017eili diskov\u00e9 pole. Virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery se k n\u011bmu p\u0159ipoj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch protokol\u016f resp. technologi\u00ed jako iSCSI, AoE, NFS, FC apod.. Samotn\u00e9 Xen servery jsme vy\u0159e\u0161ili pom\u011brn\u011b jednodu\u0161e, proto\u017ee ji\u017e del\u0161\u00ed dobu jsme cht\u011bli vyu\u017e\u00edvat blade-technologii a celou slu\u017ebu VPS hardwarov\u011b sjednotit. Krom\u011b virtualizace vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me tyto blade-servery i jako datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery a web-servery.<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"margin-left: 10px;\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1994 alignright\" title=\"172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o.jpg\" alt=\"blade server\" width=\"250\" height=\"172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o-200x139.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o-100x70.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o-76x53.jpg 76w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o-50x35.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Odd\u011blen\u00ed m\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b jeden p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd efekt.\u00a0V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee m\u00e1 samotn\u00fd Xen server probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed restart nebo dojde k jin\u00e9mu probl\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd zp\u016fsobuje nedostupnost virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f na n\u011bm b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edch, je nejrychlej\u0161\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm spustit je\u00a0 jinde a probl\u00e9mov\u00fd server vy\u0159e\u0161it a\u017e potom.\u00a0Je to d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee VPS nejsou v\u00e1z\u00e1ny na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed Xen server, proto\u017ee data se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na storage serverech.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1 v moment\u011b, kdy si uv\u011bdom\u00edme, \u017ee slu\u017eba je jen takov\u00e1 dobr\u00e1, jak dobr\u00fd je storage, na kter\u00e9m m\u00e1 ulo\u017een\u00e1 data.\u00a0Diskov\u00e9 pole sv\u00e1d\u00ed k tomu um\u00edstit na n\u011bj v\u0161e, \u010d\u00edm \u010dasto vznikne centralizovan\u00e1 architektura.\u00a0Ta vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed SPOFA (Single Point Of Failure), tak\u017ee jeho nedostupnost zp\u016fsobuje nedostupnost v\u0161ech slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 jsou na n\u011bj nav\u00e1z\u00e1ny.\u00a0A i kdy\u017e diskov\u00e1 pole b\u00fdvaj\u00ed kvalitn\u00ed, s redundantn\u00edmi zdroji, hot spare disky atd.., Nebylo to \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00fdm jsme se cht\u011bli ub\u00edrat.\u00a0Alespo\u0148 ne, dokud nenajdeme \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f.\u00a0Bylo t\u0159eba tedy definovat, co budeme d\u011blat v moment\u011b pokud:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>diskov\u00e9 pole p\u0159estane st\u00edhat vy\u0159izovat po\u017eadavky a VPS za\u010dnou \u010dekat na data (IO wait)<\/li>\n<li>budeme nuceni prov\u00e9st syst\u00e9movou \u00fadr\u017ebu<\/li>\n<li>diskov\u00e9 pole se zapln\u00ed a bude t\u0159eba kop\u00edrovat data jinam<\/li>\n<li>diskov\u00e9 pole nebude fungovat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jedno diskov\u00e9 pole jsou dv\u011b diskov\u00e1 pole.\u00a0Je\u0161t\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed je, kdy\u017e se diskov\u00e9 pole vz\u00e1jemn\u011b replikuj\u00ed a \u00fapln\u011b nejl\u00e9pe, kdy\u017e se ka\u017ed\u00e9 diskov\u00e9 pole nach\u00e1z\u00ed v jin\u00e9m datacentru.Podle mo\u017enost\u00ed co nejd\u00e1le od sebe.<\/p>\n<p>Ur\u010dit\u011b si mnoz\u00ed vzpom\u00edn\u00e1te na\u0161i lo\u0148skou migraci z jednoho datacentra do datacenter dvou.V\u00fdsledkem tohoto \u00fasil\u00ed je mimo jin\u00e9 virtualiza\u010dn\u00ed a storage platforma s mno\u017estv\u00edm skv\u011bl\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Vysok\u00e1 dostupnost<\/em> &#8211; data jsou mirrorov\u00e1ny na svou protilehlou stranu.\u00a0Kdykoliv je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159epnout server, kter\u00fd poskytuje virtu\u00e1ln\u00edm serverem data.\u00a0Vzdu\u0161n\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost mezi ob\u011bma datacentry je cca 13 km.<\/li>\n<li><em>Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost<\/em> &#8211; dok\u00e1\u017eeme vytvo\u0159it tolik p\u00e1r\u016f, kolik budeme pot\u0159ebovat, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich m\u016f\u017ee exportovat data na virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed server.\u00a0Virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed server m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt p\u0159ipojen\u00e9 disky z r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f a nad t\u00edm vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 diskov\u00e9 pole s RAID1, RAID5 &#8230;.<\/li>\n<li><em>Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost<\/em> &#8211; jeliko\u017e samotn\u00e9 disky jsou pomal\u00e9, zvy\u0161ujeme rychlost IO operac\u00ed pomoc\u00ed PCIe flash-karet.\u00a0Prob\u00edh\u00e1 na nich cachov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1pis\u016f i \u010dten\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><em>Mana\u017eovatelnost<\/em> &#8211; je dosa\u017eena pou\u017eit\u00edm LVM na stran\u011b serveru i na stran\u011b Xen serveru<\/li>\n<li><em>Dostupnost pod r\u016fzn\u00fdmi protokoly<\/em> (NFS, FTP, iSCSI apod..) &#8211; Moment\u00e1ln\u011b je podporov\u00e1no pouze iSCSI, zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed protokoly p\u0159ipravujeme<\/li>\n<li><em>On-line migrace<\/em> &#8211; schopnost p\u0159esunout obraz pam\u011bti virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho serveru na jin\u00fd Xen server p\u0159\u00edmo za b\u011bhu.\u00a0Hod\u00ed se v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho v\u00fdpadku serveru.<\/li>\n<li><em>On-line zm\u011bna parametr\u016f<\/em> &#8211; mo\u017enost m\u011bnit velikost, po\u010det CPU, pam\u011b\u0165 a storage za b\u011bhu<\/li>\n<li><em>On-line migraci storage virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho serveru<\/em> &#8211; mo\u017enost vym\u011bnit storage VPS za b\u011bhu na jin\u00fd p\u00e1r<\/li>\n<li><em>Xen 4<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Storage platformu jsme si pracovn\u011b nazvali Websupport Storage Platform nebo i WSP.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Technick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed\u00a0WSP<\/h4>\n<p>V\u00fdsledn\u00e9\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je postaveno na\u00a0serverech\u00a0v p\u00e1ru.\u00a0Naz\u00fdv\u00e1me\u00a0to\u00a0WSP\u00a0p\u00e1r.\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1r\u00a0je\u00a0mezi sebou\u00a0mirrorovan\u00fd\u00a0pomoc\u00ed technologie\u00a0DRBD\u00a0a o\u00a0clusterov\u00fd\u00a0management\u00a0se star\u00e1\u00a0RedhatCluster\u00a0Suite\u00a0na\u00a0CentOS\u00a05.6.\u00a0Pr\u016f\u0159ez\u00a0softwarov\u00fdch\u00a0vrstev\u00a0jednoho uzlu\u00a0(server,\u00a0kter\u00fd je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed clusteru)\u00a0je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2003\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2003\" style=\"width: 402px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2003 \" title=\"storage_unit\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"402\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit.png 574w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-300x204.png 300w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-500x341.png 500w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-400x273.png 400w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-250x171.png 250w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-200x137.png 200w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-100x68.png 100w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-76x52.png 76w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-50x34.png 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2003\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 vrstvy klastrov\u00e9ho uzlu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Server<\/h4>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">Server\u00a0se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0t\u011bchto komponent:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supermicro\u00a0SYS-6026TT\u00a0HDRF\u00a0(v jednom\u00a0serverov\u00e9m\u00a0\u0161asi\u00a0se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed\u00a0dva servery)<\/li>\n<li>12 \u00d7\u00a02 TB\u00a0disky\u00a0(6\u00a0disk\u016f \/\u00a0uzel)<\/li>\n<li>8 GB RAM<\/li>\n<li>Intel Xeon\u00a0E5506\u00a02.13 GHz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">Servery\u00a0jsou zapojeny do\u00a0dvou nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch\u00a0elektrick\u00fdch\u00a0v\u011btv\u00ed, kter\u00e9\u00a0jsou chr\u00e1n\u011bny\u00a0datacentrem ve\u00a0 form\u011b\u00a0UPS\u00a0a\u00a0motor\u00a0gener\u00e1torem.\u00a0Konektivita\u00a0serveru\u00a0je chr\u00e1n\u011bna\u00a0p\u0159ipojen\u00edm\u00a0ethernetov\u00fdch karet do\u00a0dvou nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch\u00a0switch\u016f.<\/p>\n<h4 lang=\"en-US\">RAID10<\/h4>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">RAID10 n\u00e1m ze \u0161esti 2 TB disk\u016f vytvo\u0159\u00ed 6 TB storage. Na\u0161e testov\u00e1n\u00ed RAID10 vs. RAID5uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee pro na\u0161e pot\u0159eby se l\u00e9pe hod\u00ed RAID10:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>rychlost z\u00e1pisu<\/strong>\u00a0byla oproti\u00a0RAID5\u00a0t\u0159ikr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><strong>negativn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky\u00a0v\u00fdpadku\u00a0disku\u00a0se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed pouze\u00a0jednoho p\u00e1ru<\/strong>. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\u00a0RAID5\u00a0jsou do rebuild\u00a0procesu\u00a0zapojeny v\u0161echny\u00a0disky,\u00a0co\u017e\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011bji\u00a0postihne\u00a0v\u0161echny\u00a0provozovan\u00e9\u00a0slu\u017eby.<\/li>\n<li><strong>RAID10\u00a0je jen\u00a0o kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0dat<\/strong>, kde\u017eto RAID5 je nutn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtat paritu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pokud nejsou data na disku spr\u00e1vn\u011b zarovn\u00e1ny, vznik\u00e1 read-modify-write chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed\u00a0spolehlivosti\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me\u00a0v\u00a0mirrorovan\u00fdch\u00a0p\u00e1rech\u00a0disky\u00a0od r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u016f.\u00a0T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem eliminujeme\u00a0i mo\u017en\u00e9\u00a0v\u00fdrobn\u00ed vady.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Flashcache<\/h4>\n<p>I kdy\u017e\u00a0samotn\u00e9\u00a0diskov\u00e9 pole\u00a0m\u00e1\u00a0propustnost\u00a0p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed rychlost\u00a01 Gbit\u00a0s\u00edt\u011b,\u00a0v\u011bd\u011bli jsme, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed\u00a0naraz\u00ed na\u00a0sv\u00e9 hranice, pokud\u00a0do n\u011bj\u00a0tradi\u010dn\u011b nezakomponujeme\u00a0flash disky,\u00a0proto\u017ee d\u0159\u00edve\u00a0ne\u017e\u00a0naraz\u00edme na\u00a0strop\u00a0propustnosti,\u00a0naraz\u00edme na\u00a0strop\u00a0latence\u00a0resp.\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed proveden\u00fdch\u00a0IO\u00a0operac\u00ed.\u00a0Podle na\u0161ich\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed,\u00a0zvl\u00e1d\u00e1\u00a0pole\u00a0cca 500\u00a0random\u00a0IO\u00a0\/ s\u00a0co\u017e\u00a0se ned\u00e1 srovnat s\u00a0100 000\u00a0ranodm\u00a0IO\u00a0\/ s,\u00a0kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017ee\u00a0d\u00e1t\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00e1\u00a0flash karta.<\/p>\n<p>Jeliko\u017e\u00a0n\u00e1m u\u017e\u00a0nez\u016fstali\u00a0voln\u00e9 pozice\u00a0pro SATA\u00a0SSD disky, pou\u017eili jsme\u00a0flash kartu montovanou do\u00a0PCIe.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/facebook\/flashcache\/\" target=\"_blank\">Flashcache<\/a>\u00a0 jsme nakonfigurovali tak, aby cachoval IO operace na tuto kartu. Zv\u00fd\u0161ila se t\u00edmcelkov\u00e1 rychlost, resp. rychlost odezvy IO syst\u00e9mu. Moment\u00e1ln\u011b je na cachov\u00e1n\u00ed nasazena 220GB verze. V pr\u016fm\u011bru sledujeme 80% hit rate p\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed (procento requestu vybaven\u00fdch z flashkarty) a 70% hit rate z\u00e1pis\u016f, z \u010deho\u017e 30% tvo\u0159\u00ed dirty hit rate z\u00e1pisy (vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i updatov\u00e1n\u00ed dat,kdy\u017e jeden z\u00e1pis zap\u00ed\u0161e data na to jist\u00e9 m\u00edsto jako d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1pis, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se tento d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b nach\u00e1z\u00ed na flash kart\u011b resp. v queue k z\u00e1pisu na disk). Jak je vid\u011bt na obr\u00e1zku, \u00fa\u010dinnost tohoto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je tak vysok\u00e1, \u017ee disky jsou \u010dasto nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2013\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2013\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/dstat.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-2013 \" title=\"dstat\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/dstat-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/dstat-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2011\/09\/dstat-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2013\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sloupce ozna\u010den\u00e9 jako read zobrazuj\u00ed po\u010det \u010dten\u00ed z dan\u00e9ho disku.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>DRBD<\/h4>\n<p>DRBD zaji\u0161\u0165uje synchronizaci dat mezi dv\u011bma uzly. Klastr je v konfiguraci Primary &#8211; Slave. Dlouho jsme se pokou\u0161eli nasadit \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed Primary &#8211; Primary. Cht\u011bli jsme dos\u00e1hnout aby obauzly byly z\u00e1rove\u0148 aktivn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 pro z\u00e1pis i \u010dten\u00ed. Nakonec jsme takov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zavrhli,proto\u017ee v na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch by p\u0159edstavovalo jist\u00e9 riziko, kter\u00e9 by mohlo vy\u00fastit v bin\u00e1rn\u00edgul\u00e1\u0161 na obou stran\u00e1ch. Nastaven\u00ed Primary &#8211; Slave pova\u017eujeme za bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z pohleduintegrity dat. Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed uzel se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u017edy bl\u00ed\u017ee k server\u016fm tak, aby byla latence minim\u00e1ln\u00ed aaby data netekli p\u0159es propojen\u00ed mezi datacentry.<\/p>\n<h4>LVM<\/h4>\n<p>LVM\u00a0jsme zvolili\u00a0pro jeho\u00a0flexibilitu,\u00a0kterou\u00a0zjednodu\u0161uje\u00a0administraci.\u00a0Cen\u00edme si\u00a0zejm\u00e9na mo\u017enosti\u00a0tagovat\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9\u00a0LVM\u00a0odd\u00edly,\u00a0co\u017e zjednodu\u0161uje\u00a0skriptov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0Stejn\u011b\u00a0se n\u00e1m l\u00edb\u00ed\u00a0i mo\u017enost\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed\u00a0snapshot\u016f\u00a0pro z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed\u00a0\u00fa\u010dely.\u00a0V jednotliv\u00fdch\u00a0LVM\u00a0odd\u00edlech\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed\u00a0vno\u0159en\u00e9\u00a0LVM,kter\u00e9\u00a0aktivujeme\u00a0na\u00a0Xen\u00a0serveru.\u00a0Pro\u010d\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159et\u00a0LVM\u00a0v\u00a0LVM?\u00a0Jak\u00a0jsem zm\u00ednil\u00a0ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e,\u00a0v\u011bd\u011bli jsme, \u017ee\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee nastat situace, \u017ee\u00a0pole\u00a0resp.\u00a0server\u00a0p\u0159estane\u00a0prost\u011b\u00a0st\u00edhat,nebo\u00a0se zapln\u00ed\u00a0jeho kapacita.\u00a0P\u0159esn\u011b\u00a0v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se\u00a0n\u00e1m\u00a0hod\u00ed\u00a0schopnost\u00a0LVM\u00a0za b\u011bhu p\u0159esunout\u00a0data\u00a0z jednoho fyzick\u00e9ho\u00a0disku\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/tldp.org\/HOWTO\/LVM-HOWTO\/removeadisk.html\" target=\"_blank\">jin\u00fd<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Jak to funguje<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Na\u00a0Xen\u00a0server\u00a0exportujeme\u00a0LVM\u00a0odd\u00edl,\u00a0ve kter\u00e9m se nach\u00e1z\u00ed\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed\u00a0LVM\u00a0odd\u00edl (nazv\u011bme\u00a0hoLVMB).\u00a0Na stran\u011b\u00a0Xen\u00a0serveru\u00a0ji\u017e\u00a0vid\u00edme\u00a0pouze\u00a0LVMB\u00a0s odd\u00edly\u00a0root\u00a0a\u00a0swap.\u00a0Z\u00a0root\u00a0odd\u00edluvirtu\u00e1ln\u00ed server\u00a0boot,\u00a0na\u00a0swap\u00a0odd\u00edlu\u00a0swapu.\u00a0Jakmile\u00a0uzn\u00e1me,\u00a0\u017ee je nutn\u00e9\u00a0p\u0159esunout\u00a0storagevirtu\u00e1ln\u00edho serveru\u00a0na jin\u00fd\u00a0WSP\u00a0p\u00e1r,\u00a0vytvo\u0159\u00edme\u00a0na nov\u00e9m\u00a0WSP\u00a0p\u00e1ru\u00a0LVM\u00a0odd\u00edl\u00a0se stejnou velikost\u00ed.\u00a0Nov\u00fd\u00a0storage\u00a0p\u0159ipoj\u00edme\u00a0na stran\u011b\u00a0Xen\u00a0serveru do\u00a0LVMB.\u00a0N\u00e1sledn\u011b\u00a0pomoc\u00ed utilitypvmove\u00a0\u0159ekneme\u00a0LVM,\u00a0aby p\u0159esunul\u00a0datov\u00e9 bloky\u00a0ze star\u00e9ho\u00a0storage\u00a0na\u00a0storage\u00a0na nov\u00e9mLVM\u00a0p\u00e1ru.\u00a0LVM\u00a0se ji\u017e\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b\u00a0star\u00e1 o to,\u00a0aby\u00a0IO\u00a0operace\u00a0sm\u011b\u0159ovaly\u00a0na spr\u00e1vn\u00fd\u00a0storage.<\/p>\n<p>Operaci\u00a0jsme otestovali\u00a0v laboratorn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch\u00a0i v\u00a0ostr\u00e9m provozu.\u00a0V obou p\u0159\u00edpadechprob\u011bhla bez probl\u00e9m\u016f.\u00a0Pochopiteln\u011b,\u00a0na stran\u011b\u00a0VPS\u00a0doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu\u00a0IO\u00a0wait,\u00a0co\u017e je ale\u00a0v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\u00a0logick\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 lang=\"en-US\">Dm-ioband<\/h4>\n<p>dm-ioband\u00a0je\u00a0vrstva ur\u010den\u00e1\u00a0na\u00a0\u0161krcen\u00ed\u00a0propustnosti\u00a0k jednotliv\u00fdm\u00a0LVM\u00a0odd\u00edlem.\u00a0Moment\u00e1ln\u011b\u00a0ji nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me, proto\u017ee\u00a0propustnost\u00a0IO\u00a0syst\u00e9mu\u00a0je\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e\u00a0propustnost\u00a01Gbit\u00a0s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n<h4 lang=\"en-US\">iSCSI<\/h4>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">iSCSI\u00a0protokol\u00a0slou\u017e\u00ed pro\u00a0samotn\u00fd\u00a0export\u00a0disk\u016f\u00a0na jednotliv\u00e9\u00a0Xen\u00a0servery,\u00a0kde se\u00a0tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed\u00a0jako b\u011b\u017en\u011b\u00a0SCSI\u00a0disky,\u00a0se kter\u00fdmi je mo\u017en\u00e9\u00a0pracovat jako\u00a0s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi\u00a0disky.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">Jak\u00a0iSCSI\u00a0target\u00a0server\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me\u00a0IETD,\u00a0kter\u00fd\u00a0ale nev\u00ed\u00a0online\u00a0reportovat\u00a0zm\u011bnu velikosti\u00a0LVModd\u00edlu,\u00a0tak\u017ee je nutn\u00e9\u00a0VPS\u00a0vyp\u00ednat.\u00a0\u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b\u00a0jsme v\u0161ak\u00a0otestovali\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed na b\u00e1zi\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/scst.sourceforge.net\/\" target=\"_blank\">scst<\/a>,\u00a0kde tato funkcionalita\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e1\u00a0je.<\/p>\n<h4 lang=\"en-US\">Storage\u00a0cluster<\/h4>\n<p>\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed vysok\u00e9\u00a0dostupnosti\u00a0vy\u017eaduje\u00a0m\u00edt takov\u00e9\u00a0storage\u00a0servery\u00a0dva.\u00a0Jeliko\u017e\u00a0jsme vyu\u017eili\u00a0na\u0161i sou\u010dasnou\u00a0serverovou\u00a0architekturu,\u00a0um\u00edstili jsme\u00a0servery\u00a0t\u00e9ho\u017e\u00a0WSP\u00a0p\u00e1ru\u00a0do r\u016fzn\u00fdch datacenter.\u00a0Takov\u00e9\u00a0disaster recovery\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed\u00a0chr\u00e1n\u00ed data p\u0159ed\u00a0katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edmi\u00a0ud\u00e1lostmi\u00a0jako v\u00fdpadek\u00a0cel\u00e9ho\u00a0datacentra\u00a0nebo\u00a0jeho fyzick\u00e9\u00a0zni\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit_23.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2077\" title=\"storage_unit_2\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit_23-300x75.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>O klastr se star\u00e1 software pro mana\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed slu\u017eeb clusteru. My jsme pou\u017eili Redhat ClusterSuite. Tento software se star\u00e1, aby p\u0159i nepl\u00e1novan\u00e9m v\u00fdpadku jednoho uzlu, do\u0161lo k migraci slu\u017eeb na jin\u00fd server. Migrace slu\u017eeb se d\u011bje formou migrace IP adresy, zm\u011bnou DRBD naPrimary (na uzlu, kter\u00fd byl dosud slave) a nastartov\u00e1n\u00edm iSCSI serveru na \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed uzel. RHCS se z\u00e1rove\u0148 star\u00e1, aby byl neaktivn\u00ed uzel zabit pomoc\u00ed principu STONITH (Shoot The Other Node In The Head). V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pokud p\u0159estane uzel na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b reagovat, je p\u0159es alternativn\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed kan\u00e1l zabit restartov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159es IPMI, nebo vypnut\u00edm elekt\u0159iny p\u0159es IPz\u00e1suvku.<\/p>\n<h4 lang=\"en-US\">Provoz<\/h4>\n<p lang=\"en-US\">Jsou to ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce, kdy je prvn\u00ed WSP p\u00e1r WSP-a nasazen\u00fd v produkci (m\u011bs\u00edc p\u0159edt\u00edm jsme ho podrobili testov\u00e1n\u00ed). Za tento \u010das jsme m\u011bli relativn\u011b bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00fd provoz &#8211; a\u017e na jeden p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy jsme m\u011bli probl\u00e9my s propojen\u00edm datacenter. Probl\u00e9m jsme vy\u0159e\u0161ili \u00fapravou konfigurace (del\u0161\u00ed timeouty) a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm prim\u00e1rn\u00edho uzlu do stejn\u00e9ho datacentra jako virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery, kter\u00e9 na n\u011bm maj\u00ed uskladn\u011bny sv\u00e1 data.<\/p>\n<p>V praxi se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 m\u00edt aktivn\u00ed uzel p\u0159epnut na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b m\u011bsta, ne\u017e se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed samotn\u00fd virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery. Zhruba dva t\u00fddny n\u00e1m tedy tekly data p\u0159es t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159escelou Bratislavu bez jak\u00fdchkoliv probl\u00e9m\u016f. Dokonce s lep\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdkonem, proto\u017ee jsme v t\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u011bli nainstalovanou flash kartu pouze na tom jednom serveru. V\u0161echny na\u0161e virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery mlad\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dva m\u011bs\u00edce jsou ji\u017e defaultn\u011b vytvo\u0159eny na t\u00e9to nov\u00e9 architektu\u0159e. Za tu dobu jsme ji\u017e stihli \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b upgradovat jednotliv\u00e9 uzly (ani\u017e to ovlivnilo va\u0161e slu\u017eby) a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b otestovat migraci na jin\u00fd storage (zat\u00edm pouze v r\u00e1mci t\u00e9ho\u017e p\u00e1ru). Zjistili jsme, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdpadku jednoho uzlu resp. c\u00edlen\u00e9 migrace slu\u017eby na druh7 uzel (nap\u0159\u00edklad kv\u016fli \u00fadr\u017eb\u011b), doch\u00e1z\u00ed k cca.4-20s nedostupnosti storage. To by nem\u011blo ovlivnit virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery, pokud maj\u00ed data, s nimi\u017e pracuj\u00ed nacachovan\u00e9 v opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti.<\/p>\n<h4>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h4>\n<p>P\u0159i nov\u00e9 architektu\u0159e jsme se soust\u0159edili hlavn\u011b na ot\u00e1zku storage \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f.Pokud v\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1, zda je\u0161t\u011b budou n\u011bjak\u00e9 v\u00fdpadky, mohu \u0159\u00edci jen tolik, \u017ee z pohledu hardwarov\u00e9ho i softwarov\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a mno\u017estv\u00ed redundance jsme provedli mnohem v\u00edce, ne\u017e bylo nutn\u00e9. V\u011b\u0159\u00edme, \u017ee to p\u0159inese o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd efekt.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u011bchto dnech pracujeme na dal\u0161\u00edm p\u00e1ru WSP-b. Bude o n\u011bco v\u00edce up-to-date, proto\u017ee je postaveno na CentOS 6 a m\u00edsto RHCS je pou\u017eit Pacemaker. Takov\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f \u010dasem v\u00edc a budete m\u00edt mo\u017enost si vyskl\u00e1dat sv\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed servery, kter\u00e9 existovaly na p\u016fvodn\u00ed architektu\u0159e postupn\u011b p\u0159esouv\u00e1me na novou. O p\u0159esn\u00e9m term\u00ednu a \u010dase jejich p\u0159esunu budeme na\u0161e z\u00e1kazn\u00edky v\u010das informovat.<\/p>\n<p>Autor:\u00a0Tom\u00e1\u0161\u00a0\u010corej, <em>senior\u00a0sysadmin<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pron\u00e1jem virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f (VPS) jsme za\u010dali nab\u00edzet p\u0159ed n\u011bco p\u0159ed t\u0159emi lety, proto\u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b se za\u010d\u00ednala cel\u00e1 oblast virtualizace objevovat i u n\u00e1s na Slovensku. Za\u010d\u00ednali jsme asi jako v\u011bt\u0161ina podobn\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed &#8211; na\u0161el se voln\u00fd server, nainstalovala prvn\u00ed vygooglena virtualiza\u010dn\u00ed technologie a slu\u017eba byla na sv\u011bt\u011b. Vybrali jsme si Xen, toho \u010dasu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2083,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,1,4],"tags":[13,115,195,51],"class_list":["post-1843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-ostatni","category-technologie","tag-servery","tag-virtualizacia","tag-vps","tag-xen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Historie a sou\u010dasnost architektury slu\u017eby VPS - storage - Websupport.cz Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.cz\/blog\/2011\/09\/historia-a-sucasnost-architektury-sluzby-vps-storage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Historie a sou\u010dasnost architektury slu\u017eby VPS - storage - Websupport.cz Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pron\u00e1jem virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f (VPS) jsme za\u010dali nab\u00edzet p\u0159ed n\u011bco p\u0159ed t\u0159emi lety, proto\u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b se za\u010d\u00ednala cel\u00e1 oblast virtualizace objevovat i u n\u00e1s na Slovensku. Za\u010d\u00ednali jsme asi jako v\u011bt\u0161ina podobn\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed &#8211; na\u0161el se voln\u00fd server, nainstalovala prvn\u00ed vygooglena virtualiza\u010dn\u00ed technologie a slu\u017eba byla na sv\u011bt\u011b. 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